Violência física, sexual e psicológica segundo a análise conceitual evolucionista de rodgers / Physical, sexual and psychological violence according to rodgers' evolutionary conceptual analysis / Violencia física, sexual y psicológica según el análisis conceptual evolutivo de rodgers

RESUMO Objetivo: esclarecer os conceitos de violência física, psicológica e sexual e, a partir dos resultados obtidos, comparar similaridades e diferenças entre conceitos, suas características, condições para acontecimentos e possíveis desfechos. Métodos: utilizou-se a análise de conceito evolutivo de Rodgers. Os antecedentes, atributos e consequentes foram extraídos de 91 documentos publicados em 2018, em português, inglês, francês ou espanhol, por busca utilizando os descritores "violência física", "violência psicológica" e "violência sexual". Resultados: para "violência física" foram extraídos 17 atributos, um antecedente e sete consequentes; para "violência sexual" 31 atributos, 10 antecedentes e dois consequentes; e para "violência psicológica" 33 atributos, quatro antecedentes e seis consequentes. Considerações finais: distintas tipologias de violência apresentam diferentes atos que as caracterizam, e que quando (re)conhecidos pelo enfermeiro, oportunizam um planejamento da assistência otimizado e de qualidade.

ABSTRACT Objective: to clarify the concepts of physical, psychological, and sexual violence and, from the results obtained, to compare similarities and differences among concepts, their characteristics, conditions for events, and possible outcomes. Methods: Rodgers' evolving concept analysis was used. The antecedents, attributes and consequents were extracted from 91 documents published in 2018, in Portuguese, English, French or Spanish, by search using the descriptors "physical violence", "psychological violence" and "sexual violence". Results: for "physical violence" 17 attributes, one antecedent and seven consequents were extracted; for "sexual violence" 31 attributes, 10 antecedents and two consequents; and for "psychological violence" 33 attributes, four antecedents and six consequents. Final considerations: different types of violence have different acts that characterize them, and that when (re)known by the nurse, allow for an optimized and quality care planning.

RESUMEN Objetivo: aclarar los conceptos de violencia física, psicológica y sexual y, a partir de los resultados obtenidos, comparar las similitudes y diferencias entre los conceptos, sus características, las condiciones de los acontecimientos y los posibles resultados. Métodos: Se utilizó el análisis conceptual evolutivo de Rodgers. Los antecedentes, atributos y consecuentes se extrajeron de 91 documentos publicados en 2018, en portugués, inglés, francés o español, mediante la búsqueda con los descriptores "violencia física", "violencia psicológica" y "violencia sexual". Resultados: para la "violencia física" se extrajeron 17 atributos, un antecedente y siete consecuentes; para la "violencia sexual" 31 atributos, 10 antecedentes y dos consecuentes; y para la "violencia psicológica" 33 atributos, cuatro antecedentes y seis consecuentes. Consideraciones finales: los diferentes tipos de violencia presentan diferentes actos que los caracterizan, y que al ser (re)conocidos por la enfermera, permiten una planificación de cuidados optimizada y de calidad.

Validity of Risk Assessment Instruments Among Juveniles Who Sexually Offended: Victim Age Matters.

Research has identified meaningful subtypes among the heterogeneous population of juveniles who sexually offended (JSO). However, studies that test the validity of risk assessment tools with JSO subtypes are limited. This study compared JSO who offended against a child victim (JSO-C) and JSO who offended against an adolescent/adult victim (JSO-A) with regard to rates of recidivism and the predictive validity of two risk assessment tools (Estimate of Risk of Adolescent Sexual Offense Recidivism [ERASOR] and Juvenile Sexual Offender Assessment Protocol-II [J-SOAP-II]). Data were analyzed from case files of 185 JSO-C and 297 JSO-A aged 12 to 18 years (M = 14.11, SD = 1.44) from a consecutive sample of JSO with contact sexual offenses. A total of 34 (7.1%) juveniles reoffended sexually, with no significant difference between the subtypes. The present results suggest that the ERASOR, particularly the structured professional judgment, and to a lesser degree the J-SOAP-II are better suited to predicting sexual recidivism in JSO-A than in JSO-C.

¿Agresión o abuso sexual? Cuestiones forenses a propósito del caso de «La Manada» / Sexual assault or abuse? Forensic questions regarding the «La Manada» rape case

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Abusos sexuales sobre personas incapacitadas para oponerse a su agresor y sobre incapaces para consentir / Sexual abuse of persons incapable of opposing their aggressor and incapable of consenting

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Anxiety Sensitivity Prospectively Predicts Increased Acute Posttraumatic Stress and Related Symptoms After Sexual Assault.

Anxiety sensitivity is a potential risk factor for posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and has been hypothesized to contribute to PTSS development. However, few prospective studies have evaluated whether anxiety sensitivity predicts PTSS. In a subsample of 48 women sexual assault survivors enrolled as part of a larger prospective observational study, elevated anxiety sensitivity measured via a brief assessment 1 week after experiencing a sexual assault was concurrently associated with PTSS at 1 week and prospectively predicted PTSS 6 weeks after the event, with small-to-medium effect sizes, η2 p = .10, even after covarying for trauma history. Heightened anxiety sensitivity at 1-week postevent also interacted with time to predict anxiety and depression both before and after sexual assault, with medium-to-large effect sizes, ηp 2 = .21- .24. This is consistent with research linking anxiety sensitivity to PTSS, but this was the first prospective study of which we are aware to demonstrate that anxiety sensitivity in the acute posttrauma period predicts PTSS among women who have recently experienced sexual assault. Future research should use the full Anxiety Sensitivity Index to replicate findings in a larger sample and explore whether targeting anxiety sensitivity could mitigate the development of PTSS in this vulnerable population.

Predicting Sexual Offenders' Specialization/Versatility: The Role of Impulsivity and Moral Reasoning.

The main purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the predictive ability of impulsivity and moral reasoning on offending specialization/versatility. The latter was measured using the diversity index which calculates the amount of variation within an individual's criminal history. The sample consisted of 88 individuals convicted of sexual offenses incarcerated in a Portuguese prison. Group comparisons and multiple linear regression analyses on untransformed and corrected versions of the diversity index were conducted. Overall, the different versions of the diversity index presented disparate results. Individuals were found to be generally alike, but those convicted of rape tended to be more versatile than those who molested extrafamilial children. Moral reasoning was the strongest predictor of offending specialization/versatility, while impulsivity was mostly not statistically significant. A better understanding of these predictors' roles on offending specialization/versatility, as it relates to recidivism, is important to tailor successful interventions.

Differentiating Individuals Convicted of Sexual Offenses: A Two-Country Latent Class Analysis.

Sexual offenses are often part of a larger criminal career also encompassing nonsexual crimes. However, most sexual offending typologies focus on an individual's most recent sexual offense. We compare data from Belgian and Dutch national conviction cohorts and use latent class analysis to distinguish groups of individuals based on their history of sexual and nonsexual offenses, considering continuity and variety. The resulting classification is compared between individuals convicted of sexual offenses and individuals convicted of nonsexual offenses. Results show that four latent classes can be distinguished based on continuity and variety in criminal histories of individuals convicted of sexual offenses, and that some of these classes resemble those distinguished among individuals convicted of nonsexual offenses. We find limited overlap between these latent classes and typologies based solely on the index offense. Results show marked similarities across countries. These results challenge theories of sexual offending to incorporate patterns of nonsexual offending.

The healthcare response to human trafficking: A need for globally harmonized ICD codes.

In a Perspective, Jordan Greenbaum and Hanni Stoklosa make the case for inclusion of codes for human trafficking in international diagnosis classification systems.

MATCH: A New Approach for Differentiating & Linking Series of Sex Worker Homicides and Sexual Assaults.

Sex workers as a group are one of the more common targets in serial homicide, yet the most likely to go unsolved. Part of the reason for this is the difficulty in linking individual crime scenes to a series, especially in those series where offenders not only target sex worker victims but also target non-sex worker victims. Inconsistencies in both victim targeting and behaviors engaged in across series add to the difficulties of linking and solvability in these types of crimes. The current study aimed to add to the current body of literature on serial crime linkage by examining not only the most salient behavioral indicators useful for crime scene classification of serial homicides that involve sex worker victims but also examine the trajectories of behavioral change that can help link apparently inconsistent crime scenes and proposes the new Model for the Analysis of Trajectories and Consistency in Homicide (MATCH). The study examines 83 homicide series, including 44 (53%) series where all victims were sex workers and 39 (47%) series that included a mix of sex workers and non-sex worker victims. Using the MATCH system allowed for the majority of series to be classified to a dominant trajectory pattern, over half as many as a traditional consistency analysis that focusses on behavioral similarity matching. Results further showed that Sex Worker Victim series were almost three times more consistent across their series than Mixed-Victim series, not only in victim selection but also in the overall behavioral patterns. Findings are discussed in line with theoretical and psychological issues relating to understanding the nature of behavioral consistency and the importance of going beyond simple matching toward a model that allows for the identification of consistency in seemingly inconsistent series, as well as investigative implications relating to linking serial crimes.

An Updated Sexual Homicide Crime Scene Rating Scale for Sexual Sadism (SADSEX-SH).

The Sexual Homicide Crime Scene Rating Scale for Sexual Sadism (SADSEX-SH) is a rating scale which dimensionally measures the degree of offender sexual sadism in suspected sexual homicide cases. Scoring is accomplished using crime scene and related investigative information. Preliminary norms for the SADSEX-SH prototype indicate that it correctly classified offenders with and without sexual sadism. This study further assessed SADSEX-SH sensitivity, specificity, and inter-rater reliability by comparing a larger sample of male sexual homicide offenders with (n = 20) and without (n = 20) sexual sadism. Two items generally undetectable at crime scenes were removed from the originally proposed 10-item scale, resulting in a final 8-item version. SADSEX-SH total scores for the two groups significantly differed (7.7 ± 3.5, range = 2-14 vs. 2.6 ± 2.0, range = 0-7, t = 5.58, p < .001). Inter-rater reliability was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficients [ICCs] = 0.6-1.0). Using a revised cutoff score of 6, sensitivity was 70.0% and specificity was 90%. This revised scale may prove useful for investigators, clinicians, and institutional professionals in helping to identify and address sexual sadism in sexual homicide offenders.

Reoffending rates in a U.K. community sample of individuals with convictions for indecent images of children.

Although they remain a relatively small proportion of all identified sex offenders, there is increasing concern about individuals with offenses relating to indecent images of children (IIOC) online. This study examined the reoffending rates of a sample of IIOC-only (n = 584, 84.6%) and mixed IIOC-contact (n = 106, 15.4%) offenders who participated in a U.K. community intervention and the predictive validity of risk and psychological assessment outcomes. Proven reoffending rates were 24.8% for any reconviction and 12.6% for sexual reconvictions after a 13-year average follow-up. Rates differed significantly, with the mixed group 2 times more likely to receive any reconviction and 3 times more likely to receive a sexual reconviction. Only 2.7% of the IIOC-only group was convicted of a subsequent contact offense. Prior general offenses were found to be significantly predictive of general reconviction and prior sexual convictions were significantly predictive of sexual convictions, albeit with weak predictive power. Reliable change on treatment "domains" was not predictive of either general or sexual reconvictions. While lower reconviction rates do not minimize the seriousness of IIOC use, these findings highlight the need for comprehensive assessment of proven and self-reported offending history to make sound risk decisions and the need for larger samples with longer follow-ups and comparisons between detected and undetected IIOC users. The findings also raise questions about the nature and efficiencies related to treatment for a population in which rates of reconviction appear to be relatively low. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Sexual Homicide of Children: A New Classification.

The sexual homicide of a child is an unusual event, and very few studies have been conducted on the topic. Previous studies have mainly focused on the differences between sexual homicide of child and adult victims. The current study aims to identify a typology of sexual homicide of children based on modus operandi, offenders' and victims' characteristics. Using two-step cluster analysis on a sample of 72 cases of extra familial sexual homicide of children (aged 16 years or below) from France, six clusters have been identified on the basis of eight modus operandi variables: intentional/prepubescent, inadvertent/prepubescent, intentional/preteen, inadvertent/preteen, indiscriminate/teen, and intentional/teen. External validity of the classification was tested using 51 additional variables related to victims, offenders, and other modus operandi characteristics. Findings showed that sexual homicide of children is a heterogeneous phenomenon, largely influenced by the actual age of the victim and the type of violence used. Implications of the findings are discussed considering prevention, criminal investigation, and correctional practices.

The Unusual Suspects: Multiple-Perpetrator and Multiple Concurrent Victim Sexual Homicide.

Sexual homicide typically implies a crime involving two people: perpetrator and victim. Thus, multiple-perpetrator and multiple concurrent victim sexual murderers are unusual, empirically invisible due to their exclusion from (or burying within) research samples. The present study examines 21 such cases of male sexual murderers having perpetrated at least one sexual homicide either together with a co-offender or alone but killing two victims at once. The aim was to investigate just how unusual, or not, these cases may be in relation to current scientific understanding of sexual murderers and their crimes. A descriptive analysis of offenses (co-offender and offender-victim dynamics, modus operandi) and offender characteristics is presented. Main findings, that multiple-perpetrator and multiple concurrent victim sexual murderers are not so unusual in that they are well conceptualized through application of the established sexualized, grievance, and rape murderer typology, are discussed in relation to clinical and empirical implications.

Sexual Homicide Targeting Children: Exploring Offender, Victim, and Modus Operandi Factors.

Sexual child homicides are rare, even among sexual homicides, and no previous study has compared sexual child homicide with nonsexual child homicides. To address this gap in research, this study aims to compare sexual child homicide offenders (n = 8) with two comparison groups: sexual adult homicide offenders (n = 89) and nonsexual child homicide offenders (n = 176) regarding victim, offender, and modus operandi factors. Using bivariate analysis, the results show that although sexual child homicide offenders appear more similar to other sexual homicide offenders than to homicide offenders, sexual offenders targeting children differ from both groups on certain variables. Sexual child homicide offenders more often used strangulation as a method of killing, had intoxicated victims, used multiple locations, and destroyed evidence after the murder. The study concludes that sexual homicide offenders targeting children should be considered distinct from other offenders and that the salient characteristics linked to sadism and instrumentality should be further examined.

Five-Factor Model of Personality and Sexual Aggression.

Despite several studies have used the five-factor model (FFM) of personality as theoretical background, few studies have been conducted on the topic of the FFM and sexual aggression. This study explored how the big five dimensions and features of emotional adjustment characterize different forms of sexual violence. Twenty-six male students reporting sexual aggression against women (nonconvicted offenders), 32 convicted rapists, and 33 convicted child sexual molesters were evaluated. Participants completed the Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), the Brief Symptom Inventory (assessing state emotional adjustment), the Sexual Experiences Survey (perpetration form), and the Socially Desirable Response Set Measure. Results showed that individuals convicted for rape and child sexual abuse presented significantly more neuroticism than nonconvicted sexual offenders; child sex molesters presented significantly less openness than rapists and nonconvicted sexual offenders; and nonconvicted sexual offenders presented significantly less conscientiousness than convicted offenders. Regarding emotional adjustment, convicted rapists revealed marked psychopathological features in relation to child molesters. In addition, convicted rapists and nonconvicted sexual offenders presented significantly more hostility than child sexual molesters. Findings suggested that some of the big five traits as well as state features characterizing emotional adjustment may characterize different types of sexual offenders.

Examining Ethno-Racial Related Differences in Child Molester Typology: An MTC:CM3 Approach.

Sex offender typologies have been developed in an effort to better understand the heterogeneity of sexual offending as well as offenders' varied risk and therapeutic needs. Perhaps the most well-known and validated child molester typology is the Massachusetts Treatment Center: Child Molester Typology-Version 3 (MTC:CM3). However, this typology was developed and validated using primarily White sex offenders. The current study aimed to replicate this typology in an ethno-racially diverse sample of incarcerated White, Black, and Latino child molesters ( N = 499). Overall, we found that the MTC:CM3 was applicable to non-White child molesters but that there were differences in the proportion of offenders of different ethno-racial groups in Axis I type classifications. We found no differences in Axis II type classifications. Specifically, Black offenders were more often classified as socially incompetent and sexually attracted to adults compared with White and Latino offenders. Whereas White offenders were more often classified as socially incompetent and sexually fixated on children when compared with Black offenders, Latino offenders were more often classified as high in social competence and sexually attracted to adults than Black offenders. On Axis II, the majority of all three subsamples were classified as not having sexual contact with children beyond the offense, unlikely to inflict physical harm on victims, and as not having sadistic interests. Addressing these typological characteristics in the development and implementation of prevention and treatment efforts might increase the responsiveness of specific sex offender populations.

"I Know Correlation Doesn't Prove Causation, but . . .": Are We Jumping to Unfounded Conclusions About the Causes of Sexual Offending?

Identifying causes of sexual offending is the foundation of effective and efficient assessment, intervention, and policy aimed at reducing sexual offending. However, studies vary in methodological rigor and the inferences they support, and there are differences of opinion about the conclusions that can be drawn from ambiguous evidence. To explore how researchers in this area interpret the available empirical evidence, we asked authors of articles published in relevant specialized journals to identify (a) an important factor that may lead to sexual offending, (b) a study providing evidence of a relationship between that factor and sexual offending, and (c) the inferences supported by that study. Many participants seemed to endorse causal interpretations and conclusions that went beyond the methodological rigor of the study they identified. Our findings suggest that some researchers may not be adequately considering methodological issues when making inferences about the causes of sexual offending. Although it is difficult to conduct research in this area and all research designs can provide valuable information, sensitivity to the limits methodology places on inferences is important for the sake of accuracy and integrity, and to stimulate more informative research. We propose that increasing attention to methodology in the research community through better training and standards will advance scientific knowledge about the causes of sexual offending, and improve the effectiveness and efficiency of practice and policy.

Diagnosis Codes for Human Trafficking Can Help Assess Incidence, Risk Factors, and Comorbid Illness and Injury.

The International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) is the system used by clinicians and medical coders to document diseases, symptoms, social circumstances, and external causes of illness and injury. ICD-10-CM codes for various forms of abuse and violence perpetrated against children and adults exist and facilitate the study of incidence, social context, and comorbid illness and injury. Extant abuse codes, however, fail to capture the profoundly exploitative nature of trafficking and adequately distinguish trafficking patients from other types of abuse patients. As a result, the first trafficking-specific codes have been approved for the 2019 ICD-10-CM update and are expected to strengthen data collection on incidence of and risk factors for trafficking, the burden of comorbid illness and injury, and resources needed to effectively care for trafficked persons.

[Trends in reporting of sexual violence in Brazil from 2009 to 2013]. / Evolução da notificação de violência sexual no Brasil de 2009 a 2013.

The objective was to analyze the trends in reporting of sexual violence in Brazil from 2009 to 2013, with special emphasis on rape. An observational times series study was conducted, analyzing data from 2009 to 2013 coming from a secondary database of the Brazilian National Information System for Notificable Diseases (SINAN). The independent variable was the number of reports of sexual violence from 2009 to 2013, which was compared to several sociodemographic, violence-related, and health-related variables. The data were analyzed with a Prais-Winsten generalized linear regression model, determining the variations as stable, upward, or downward by analysis of the coefficient of determination (Pearson's R2) and level of significance set at p < 0.05. The reports of sexual violence showed greater positive variation in the 10-19-year age bracket (364%), indigenous individuals (520%), in the South of Brazil (414%), females (331%), and individuals with low schooling (343%). More than 70% of the reports were rapes, while one-third were repeat offenses, with a downward trend in reports of sexual violence accompanied by beating. The aggressors' characteristics remained stable. The site of violence changed, with fewer cases occurring on public byways. Finally, the reporting rate for rape increased by 590%, with a similar trend in rapes in the household and an increase in case resolutions. The study reveals the sociodemographic profile of cases of sexual violence reported in Brazil and an increase in reported rapes, especially inside the household. There was also an increase in case resolution.

O objetivo foi analisar a evolução das notificações de violência sexual no Brasil entre 2009 e 2013, dando especial enfoque ao estupro. Realizou-se um estudo observacional de série temporal, analisando dados entre 2009 e 2013, provenientes do banco de dados secundários coletados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). A variável independente referiu-se ao número de notificações de violência sexual entre 2009 e 2013, sendo esta comparada a diversas variáveis sociodemográficas, de violência e de saúde. Os dados foram analisados por modelo de regressão linear generalizada de Prais-Winsten, determinando as variações como estável, crescente ou decrescente pela análise do coeficiente de determinação (R2 de Pearson) e nível de significância (p < 0,05). As notificações de violência sexual tiveram maior variação positiva em: 10-19 anos (364%), indígenas (520%), da Região Sul (414%), sexo feminino (331%) e baixa escolaridade (343%). Mais de 70% das notificações foram estupros, enquanto um terço foi casos de repetição, com decréscimo de notificações acompanhadas de espancamento. As características do agressor mantiveram-se estáveis. O local de ocorrência modificou-se, com menos casos ocorridos em via pública. Por fim, a taxa de notificação estupro aumentou em 590%, com tendência semelhante aos estupros dentro de casa e aumento da resolutividade dos atendimentos. O presente estudo evidencia o perfil sociodemográfico das vítimas de violência sexual notificadas no Brasil e o aumento da notificação de estupros atrelado aos casos em domicílio. Ainda, houve aumento da resolutividade das notificações.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la evolución de las notificaciones sobre violencia sexual en Brasil entre 2009 y 2013, otorgando especial relevancia a la violación. Se realizó un estudio observacional de carácter temporal, analizando datos entre 2009 y 2013, provenientes de un banco de datos secundarios, recabados por el Sistema de Información Nacional sobre Enfermedades de Notificación Obligatoria (SINAN por sus siglas en portugués). La variable independiente se refirió al número de notificaciones sobre violencia sexual entre 2009 y 2013, siendo esta última comparada con diversas variables sociodemográficas, de violencia y de salud. Los datos se analizaron mediante un modelo de regresión lineal generalizado de Prais-Winsten, determinando las variaciones como estables, crecientes o decrecientes por el análisis del coeficiente de determinación (R2 de Pearson) y el nivel de significancia (p < 0,05). Las notificaciones de violencia sexual contaron con una mayor variación positiva en: 10-19 años (364%), indígenas (520%), de la región Sur (414%), sexo femenino (331%) y baja escolaridad (343%). Más del 70% de las notificaciones fueron violaciones, mientras que un tercio fueron casos de repetición, con un descenso de las notificaciones acompañadas de palizas. Las características del agresor se mantuvieron estables. El lugar de ocurrencia fue modificado, hubo menos casos que se produjeron en vía pública. Finalmente, la tasa de notificación de violación aumentó un 590%, con una tendencia semejante a las violaciones dentro de casa y al aumento de la resolutividad de las atenciones. El presente estudio evidencia el perfil sociodemográfico de las víctimas de violencia sexual notificadas en Brasil y el aumento de la notificación de violaciones, relacionado con casos en domicilios. Asimismo, hubo un aumento de la resolutividad de las notificaciones.

Sexual Violence on Campus: Differences Across Gender and Sexual Minority Status.

PURPOSE: Sexual violence is a pervasive problem on university campuses. Although previous work has documented greater vulnerability for sexual violence among sexual and gender minority students, little is known about contextual variation in vulnerability to this kind of violence. The goals of the current study were (1) to identify vulnerability among sexual and gender minority students with regard to sexual violence, and (2) to explore if the context of this violence differs across sexual and gender minority status. METHODS: Undergraduate students (ages 18-24) from six francophone universities in Quebec, Canada (N = 4,264) completed online questionnaires regarding their experience of sexual violence, as well as the context of these acts (e.g., the gender of the perpetrator, the status of the perpetrator, and the location of the violence). They also provided information regarding their sexual and gender minority status. Binary logistic regressions were conducted to assess for variation in experiencing sexual violence across sexual and gender minority status. RESULTS: Transgender/nonbinary students generally reported higher levels of sexual violence than their cisgender peers, while variation occurred with regard to vulnerability across sexual identity subgroups. Few differences in context were observed across sexual minority identity. Transgender/nonbinary students were significantly more likely to report sexual violence in athletic contexts and during volunteering activities compared to their cisgender peers. CONCLUSIONS: Findings highlight the higher levels of vulnerability for sexual violence among gender minority and some sexual minority university students. They also point to the contexts in which such violence occurs, suggesting specific strategies for prevention.